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苦涩 (kǔsè) is used to describe a feeling of bitterness, pain, or anguish. For example, you could say: 他的心情苦涩 (tā de xīnqíng kǔsè) - His mood was bitter and anguished.
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The word 苦涩 (kǔsè) specifically refers to a taste or feeling that is both bitter and astringent. It often describes flavors, sensations, or emotional experiences that are unpleasantly harsh or difficult to endure. The term evokes a sense of discomfort, both physically in terms of taste and metaphorically in terms of emotional experiences.
On the other hand, 痛苦 (tòngkǔ) translates to "pain" or "suffering" and encompasses a broader sense of anguish or distress. It can refer to physical pain, emotional suffering, or mental anguish. While 苦涩 (kǔsè) can imply a specific type of discomfort that is bitter and astringent, 痛苦 (tòngkǔ) generally refers to a more intense or profound level of suffering.
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