Discussion of 包含

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包含:
A 包含 B, C, D... This means B C and D are inside of A, in a more abstract way, so you might not be able to see B C and D directly, but they are there in A.
Example:
在焊接金属时所产生的烟雾中，常常包含了少量的锰。 [phr] The fumes produced by welding metal often contain a small amount of manganese.
锰 is part of the 烟雾, but you cannot see it directly. So 包含 is a better word.

包括
A 包括 B, C, D... This means under A, there is a list of B, C, D,....When we use 包括, B, C and D are more tangible items. This is more about more than one item. 包括 is more commonly used in spoken Chinese as well. Example:
我们的调查对象包括五百名中学生和一百五十名中学教师。 [phr] Our target of investigation involves 500 middle-school students and 150 middle school teachers.
学生教师 are tangible items, so it would be inappropriate to use 包含 here.

lisaC

Are there any synonyms or antonyms of 包含 (bāo hán)?

个学生

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Synonyms:

1. 含有 (hán yǒu) - to contain, to include

2. 包括 (bāo kuò) - to include, to comprise

3. 涵盖 (hán gài) - to cover, to encompass

Antonyms:

1. 排除 (pái chú) - to exclude, to eliminate

2. 不包括 (bù bāo kuò) - not include, to exclude

3. 不含 (bù hán) - not contain, to exclude

4. 不涵盖 (bù hán gài) - not cover, to not encompass

当老师

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How is 包含 (bāo hán) commonly used in conversations?

个学生

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包含 (bāo hán) is commonly used to express that something includes or implies something else. For example, one might say 他的话里包含了一些建议 (tā de huà lǐ bāo hán le yīxiē jiànyì) which means "his words contained some suggestions". It can also be used to express that something is part of a larger group, such as 我们的团队包含了五个人 (wǒmen de tuánduì bāo hán le wǔ gè rén) which means "our team includes five people".

当老师

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