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原因 refers to the objective reason, and 理由 is more subjective. 理由 can also be translated as an "excuse".
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原因 is usually said with a reason which one should explain, but 理由 is translated exactly and used as "excuse" or "reason".
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You can use 理由 (lǐyóu) to explain why something happened or why you are doing something. For example, you can say:
我有一个很好的理由，所以我决定这样做 (wǒ yǒu yīgè hěn hǎo de lǐyóu, suǒyǐ wǒ juédìng zhèyàng zuò) - I have a very good reason, so I decided to do it this way.
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Synonyms for 理由 (lǐyóu) include:
1. 原因 (yuányīn): cause, reason
2. 根据 (gēnjù): basis, grounds
3. 缘由 (yuányóu): cause, reason
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