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The meaning of 竟然 (jìngrán) changes depending on context in that it can be used to express surprise, disbelief, or astonishment.
For example, when someone is surprised by a sudden event, they might say 竟然 (jìngrán) to express their surprise: 他竟然来了！(He unexpectedly showed up!)
It can also be used to express disbelief in a situation, such as when someone is told something that they find hard to believe, they might say 竟然 (jìngrán) to express their disbelief. 这只长颈鹿竟然有三条腿？！ (This giraffe actually has three legs?!)
Additionally, it can be used to express astonishment, such as when someone is told something that they did not expect, they might say 竟然 (jìngrán) to express their astonishment. 我们竟然赢得了这场比赛。 (To our surprise, we won this match.)
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竟然 (jìngrán) is commonly used to express surprise or disbelief. It is often used to emphasize the unexpectedness of a situation. For example, someone might say 竟然 (jìngrán) when they hear something unexpected or find out something they didn't know before.
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居然 (jūrán): This word has a similar meaning to 竟然, but is used to express a stronger sense of surprise.
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The difference between 竟然 (jìngrán) and 突然 (tūrán) is that 竟然 (jìngrán) expresses a surprising or unexpected result, while 突然 (tūrán) indicates something happening suddenly or abruptly.
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